Drug uptake transporters in antiretroviral therapy

Current treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection is effective, although it does not permanently suppress viral replication in all patients. Viral persistence, drug toxicity, and antiretroviral resistance are challenging barriers to successful treatment of HIV-1 infection. It has become increasingly apparent that the balance between drug influx and efflux transporter activity plays a critical role in the overall disposition of anti-HIV drugs in both cells and tissues. Thus, drug transporters directly influence the appearance of drug resistance and toxicity, and could also be related to persistence of HIV-1. We review the role of drug uptake transporters from the solute carrier (SLC) superfamily, their relation with specific antiretroviral drug disposition, and their efficacy in the tissues that absorb, metabolize, and eliminate anti-HIV drugs. Recent studies focusing on the role of drug uptake transporters in immune cells, key sites in the action of antiviral therapy, are highlighted.     

The amygdala: is it an essential component of the neural network for social cognition?

Observations from human subjects with focal brain lesions and animal subjects with experimental lesions have implicated a variety of brain regions in the mediation of social behavior. Previous studies carried out in the macaque monkey found that lesions of the amygdala not only decrease emotional reactivity but also disrupt normal social interactions. We have re-investigated the relationship between amygdala lesions and social behavior in cohorts of mature and neonatal rhesus monkeys who were prepared with selective and complete bilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the amygdaloid complex. These animals display clear alterations in emotional and social behavior. We interpret these changes as due to a loss of the ability to evaluate environmental stimuli as potential threats. However, adult animals with bilateral lesions of the amygdala demonstrate near normal, and even increased, social interactions with conspecifics. Moreover, neonatal animals, prepared with amygdala lesions at 2 weeks of age, also demonstrate species typical social behaviors such as the generation of facial expressions, grooming and play behavior. These results argue against the idea that the amygdala is essential for the interpretation of social communication or for the expression of social behavior. Because it does appear to participate in the evaluation of the "safety" of social interactions, we believe that it does have a role in modulating the amount of social behavior in which an organism will participate. However, our current answer to the question posed in the title of this paper is no!     

Classification,identification and subtyping of bacteria based on pyrosequencing and signature matching of 16S rDNA fragments

The rapid identification of the etiological agent of microbial infections can bring about both clinical and financial benefits. Thus, fast and generally applicable classification methods are needed that will enable us to rapidly distinguish pathogenic bacteria from commensals or saprophytic bacteria found in the same habitat. We here show that provisional classification of bacterial isolates can be performed on a large scale based on 16S rRNA sequence comparisons using Pyrosequencing, a recently described real-time DNA sequence analysis technique, and the concept of signature matching. The probes we have developed, together with the new technology, will enable early diagnosis of specific pathogens, which is critical for the rational use of antimicrobial therapy in clinical medicine.     

Trends in epidemiology of neonatal sepsis in a tertiary center in Korea: a 26-year longitudinal analysis, 1980-2005

There were many reports of longitudinal changes in the causative organisms of neonatal sepsis in Western countries but few in Asia. We aimed to study longitudinal trends in the epidemiology of neonatal sepsis at Seoul National University Children's Hospital (SNUCH), a tertiary center in Korea, and compared the results to previous studies of Western countries. The medical records of all of the neonates who were hospitalized at SNUCH from 1996 to 2005 with positive blood cultures were reviewed. We also compared the findings to previous 16-yr (1980-1995). One hundred and forty-nine organisms were identified in 147 episodes from 134 infants. In comparison with the previous 16-yr studies, there was a decrease in the number of Escherichia coli infections (16.2% vs 8.7%: odds ratio [OR] 0.495; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.255-0.962; P = 0.035), but an increase in Staphylococcus aureus (16.6% vs 25.5%: OR 1.720; 95% CI, 1.043-2.839; P = 0.033) and fungal infections (3.3% vs 18.7%: OR 6.740; 95% CI, 2.981-15.239; P < 0.001), predominantly caused by Candida species. In conclusion, the incidence of sepsis caused by E. coli decreases, but S. aureus and fungal sepsis increases significantly. Compared with Western studies, the incidence of sepsis caused by S. aureus and fungus has remarkably increased.     

企沙口岸媒介生物的本底调查报告.

[目的]为做好企沙港媒介生物防制和传染病监测工作提供依据.[方法]从1998年3月至1999年2月对企沙港媒介生物进行了本底调查.[结果]本次调查中发现鼠类2目2科4属8种,年平均鼠密度为9.54%,码头区鼠密度最高,以黄胸鼠为优势种,其次为褐家鼠;鼠类季节消长呈多峰型,以9月份最高,鼠体染蚤率12.06%,主要为印鼠客蚤和仁氏病蚤雷州亚种;鼠血清F1抗体检测阴性.蚊类4属9种,以致倦库蚊为优势种,其次为中华按蚊;年平均密度为57.33只/人工小时,以街区最高;季节消长曲线成3峰型,以4～5月份密度最高;成蚊密度与降雨量、气温有一定的关系.蝇类3科7属10种,以家蝇为优势种,其次为大头金蝇;年平均密度为91.53只/笼,以街区密度最高;以夏季为高峰期,蝇类月平均密度随月平均气温的上升而升高(r=0.6339,Tr=2.5926,P＜0.025),但与相对湿度无相关关系(r=0.2352,Tr=0.751,P＞O.10).蜚蠊5属8种,以美洲大蠊为优势种,其次为澳洲大蠊;年平均密度为0.40只/瓶,以街区密度最高;以夏秋季为高峰期,月平均密度随气温升高而升高(r=0.745,Tr=4.135,P＜0.0025),但与相对湿度无关(r=0.048,Tr=O.153,P＞0.25).     

多重耐药菌目标性监测干预效果分析

目的 了解多重耐药菌目标性监测的数据,评价监测与干预的效果.方法 按照卫生部《多重耐药菌医院感染预防与控制技术指南》中要求,对多重耐药菌MRSA、VRE、CRE、CR-AB、PDR-PA采用前瞻性监测与时时干预,利用x2检验比较两年的发生率.结果 经过干预,2011年与2010年相比,MDRO的绝对数量有所减少,普通科室和ICU的发生率均有降低且差异有显著性.结论 监测和干预措施效果明显.     

布鲁氏菌感染机体抗独特型抗体测定——机体免疫调节作用初探

通过对93例布病患者和12只实验性布鲁氏菌感染家兔的血清测定,均检出了抗独特型抗体(Anti-Idotype):布病患者的临床表现和抗独特开型抗体之间存在一定关系,症状缓解期病人的Anti-Id所占阳性比例较大。以抗布鲁氏菌多克隆抗体血清免疫家兔,制备了抗独特型抗体,通过特异性、交叉性和抑制性试验证明,所制备的抗血清,即是抗独特型抗体,为进行免疫调节的研究打下了基础。     

内蒙古自治区人民医院2011-2012年细菌多重耐药菌监测结果分析

目的：了解内蒙古自治区人民医院2011-2012年临床分离的细菌多重耐药菌的情况。方法采用法国梅里埃 VITEK2/Compect 全自动细菌培养鉴定仪,进行细菌鉴定及药物敏感试验,药敏结果以 CLSI2010版标准进行判读。结果2011年多重耐药菌/泛耐药菌的铜绿假单胞菌（MDR/PDR-PA）检出率为15．7％,2012年为3．1％,检出率呈下降趋势,但两者差异无统计学意义。2011年多重耐药菌/泛耐药菌的鲍曼不动杆菌（MDR/PDR-AB）检出率为32．3％,2012年检出率为16．9％,检出率略有下降但差异无统计学意义。而2011年产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌（ESBLs）检出率为27．1％,2012年为64．8％,检出率差异有统计学意义。2011年耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）检出率64．9％,2012年为69％,差异虽无统计学意义,但仍呈现了高态势 MRSA 的检出率。耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌（VRSA）未检出。结论2012年 MDR/PDR-PA、MDR/PDR-AB 检出率较2011年有下降趋势。ESBLs 检出率呈较明显的上升趋势,而 MRSA 检出率呈较高的态势,VRSA 未检出。     

改善基层医院多重耐药菌感染防控工作的对策

目的转变多重耐药菌感染医院管理的现状,完善管理机制和预防控制措施并实施监督。方法通过建立监控报告机制和采取有效的管理手段进行干预、预防和控制多重耐药菌在医院内的传播,保障医疗环境和患者的安全。结论基层医院应建立多重耐药菌的预防控制体系,各部门明确职责,多途径齐抓共管,转变和提高医护人员的观念,主动配合,加强对多重耐药菌感染监测与管理。     

生物体微弱磁场技术在评估肿瘤患者心理状况中的应用

目的了解肿瘤患者心理状况,为制定心理干预措施提供依据。方法采用整群抽样方法,抽取肿瘤患者165名,利用生物体微弱磁场检测技术对肿瘤患者晨尿进行检测,1次/d,连续检测5 d,以对压力、睡眠、情绪等27项心理指标进行测评。结果在所检测的心理指标中,情绪稳定性、压力稳定性、睡眠3项心理指标最为突出,异常率分别为93.94%、95.00%、87.88%;以上3项心理指标相比较,其差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论肿瘤患者总体的心理情绪极不稳定,耐压能力下降,睡眠质量差。生物体微弱磁场检测技术能够对肿瘤患者的心理状态指标进行相对量化的评估,可为进一步研究肿瘤患者的心理需求及进行心理干预提供依据。